{"id":1005692,"date":"2022-09-26T00:38:13","date_gmt":"2022-09-26T00:38:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/?p=1005692"},"modified":"2024-11-06T16:21:29","modified_gmt":"2024-11-06T16:21:29","slug":"populism-populist-movements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/en\/populism-populist-movements\/","title":{"rendered":"POPULISM\/POPULIST MOVEMENTS"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By Manuela Caiani<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div> \n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t

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Academic attention to populism has sharply increased in recent years. Thousands of books, articles, columns, and editorials have been written about it in the last two decades. Yet a commonly accepted definition is still lacking, with scholars disagreeing on categorization, labels, and boundaries between its different manifestations. Some also stress that there is an abuse of this term in public discourse. One of the difficulties regarding the definition of populism is that it has been applied (and adapted) to several very different historical phenomena (movements, parties, regimes, intellectuals), across various periods of time: from the American People\u2019s Party of the late 1800s to postwar European movements such as the Italian Common Man\u2019s Front (late 1940s), the poujadist (conservative reactionary movement to protect the business interests of small traders) French Union for the Defense of Merchants and Artisans (late 1950s), the Dutch Farmers Party (1960s), or the Danish Progress Party (1970s). Some scholars have argued that populism was a key feature of Mussolini\u2019s and Hitler\u2019s regimes. What is clear is that the growing interest in populism is justified by scholars\u2019 need to account for an ever-growing phenomenon with a global reach.<\/p>\n

Populism has been conceptualized as a political rhetoric that is marked by the unscrupulous use and instrumentalization of diffuse public sentiments of anxiety and disenchantment and appeals to \u2018the power of the common people in order to challenge the legitimacy of the current political establishment\u2019 (Abts and Rummens, 2007, p. 407). It has been considered a \u2018thin\u2019 or \u2018weak\u2019 ideology that holds \u201csociety to be ultimately separated in two homogeneous and antagonistic groups: \u2018the pure People\u2019 (generally conceived as monolithic) versus \u2018the corrupt elite\u2019, and which argues that politics should be an expression of the volont\u00e9 general (general will) of the people\u201d (Mudde, 2004, p. 543). A specific feature of this ideology is its indeterminacy that responds to its need to be adaptable. Finally, populism has been defined as a type of organization, characterized by the presence of a charismatic, personalistic and institutionalized (not belonging to the ruling elite) leadership and a special style of communication, namely without intermediaries (but also as a political strategy to conquer power). There is also a \u2018fifth\u2019 definition of populism which partly overlap with the fourth one: according to a socio-cultural approach, populism is a political style (way of being, way of doing) and mode of relationship. In this sense, aspects such as relations, affinity, bonding, are emphasized as the crucial ones characterizing the phenomenon, which appear as normatively neutral or ambivalent.<\/p>\n

Definitions of the concept, however, generally converge (apart from the Latin American school, such as Weyland and Roberts) in seeing as a core aspect of populism its focus on \u2018the people\u2019. \u00a0Populist movements attempt to create a direct connection between the people and the political power, bypassing the electoral process (or, according to Aslanidis mobilizing in the non-institutional arena). They often consider the people\u2019s aspirations to be betrayed by corrupt political elites and suspect that a conspiracy against the people is taking place. The central role of the people in politics is generally associated to the claim of betrayal by the ruling elite abusing their power and to the need to restore peoples\u2019 sovereignity. In these regards, the charismatic leader \u2013 mainly within the Latin American school of thought \u2013 is the only one who embodies the will of the common people and is able to speak on their behalf. However, the very definition of \u2018the people\u2019 remains ambiguous, such that M\u00fcller defines the notion of the people a \u2018metapolitical illusion\u2019 (M\u00fcller 2016, p. 18). Competing interpretations try to clarify who \u2018the people\u2019 actually are, some seeing the people in terms of class or ethnicity, others referring to the heartland, namely a place in which in the populist imagination, a virtuous and unified population resides. Finally, according to a socio-cultural characterization, the people is local, from here, genuine vs. the elites, which are cosmopolitan, polite, far.<\/p>\n

The centrality of the people notwithstanding, \u2018elitism\u2019 is also seen as embodied in the logic of populism. However, it clashes with concept of liberal democracy, since it excludes anyone who does not belong to \u2018the people\u2019 in-group. In other words, it is against pluralism.Starting from these various definitional approaches, recent scholarship has suggested to study the phenomenon as a \u2018gradational property\u2019 rather than as an essential (i.e. dicotomicous) quality of particular parties.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Related References<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

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Abts, Koen, and Stefan Rummens. 2007. \u201cPopulism versus Democracy.\u201d Political Studies<\/em> 55 (2): 405\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9248.2007.00657.x.<\/p>\n

Caiani, Manuela, and Paolo Graziano. 2019. \u201cUnderstanding Varieties of Populism in Times of Crises.\u201d West European Politics<\/em> 42 (6): 1141\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01402382.2019.1598062.<\/p>\n

Eatwell, Roger. 2003. \u201cTen Theories of the Extreme Right.\u201d In Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century<\/em>, 45\u201370. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n

Fella, Stefano, and Carlo Ruzza. 2013. \u201cPopulism and the Fall of the Centre-Right in Italy: The End of the Berlusconi Model or a New Beginning?\u201d Journal of Contemporary European Studies<\/em> 21 (1): 38\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14782804.2013.766475.<\/p>\n

Gidron, Noam, and Bart Bonikowski. 2013. \u201cVarieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda.\u201d In . Vol. No. 13-0004. Weatherhead Working Paper Series. Weatherhead Center For International Affairs. https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/gidron_bonikowski_populismlitreview_2013.pdf.<\/p>\n

Katsambekis, Giorgos. 2017. \u201cThe Populist Surge in Post-Democratic Times: Theoretical and Political Challenges.\u201d The Political Quarterly<\/em> 88 (2): 202\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-923X.12317.<\/p>\n

Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2018. \u201cRevisiting the Populist Challenge.\u201d Politologick\u00fd Casopis; Czech Journal of Political Science<\/em> 25 (1): 5\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5817\/PC2018-1-5.<\/p>\n

Mammone, Andrea. 2009. \u201cThe Eternal Return? Faux Populism and Contemporarization of Neo-Fascism across Britain, France and Italy.\u201d Journal of Contemporary European Studies<\/em> 17 (2): 171\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14782800903108635.<\/p>\n

M\u00e9ny, Yves, and Yves Surel. 2002. \u201cThe Constitutive Ambiguity of Populism.\u201d In Democracies and the Populist Challenge<\/em>, edited by Yves M\u00e9ny and Yves Surel, 1\u201321. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9781403920072_1.<\/p>\n

Moffitt, Benjamin. 2015. \u201cHow to Perform Crisis: A Model for Understanding the Key Role of Crisis in Contemporary Populism.\u201d Government and Opposition<\/em> 50 (2): 189\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/gov.2014.13.<\/p>\n

Mudde, Cas. 2004. \u201cThe Populist Zeitgeist.\u201d Government and Opposition<\/em> 39 (4): 541\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcller, Jan-Werner. 2016. What Is Populism?<\/em> University of Pennsylvania Press.<\/p>\n

Ostiguy, Pierre. 2017. \u201cPopulism: A Socio-Cultural Approach.\u201d In The Oxford Handbook of Populism<\/em>, edited by Crist\u00f3bal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

Taggart, Paul. 2004. \u201cPopulism and Representative Politics in Contemporary Europe.\u201d Journal of Political Ideologies<\/em> 9 (3): 269\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1356931042000263528.<\/p>\n

Torre, Carlos de la, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2019. \u201cDo We Need a Minimum Definition of Populism? An Appraisal of Mudde\u2019s Conceptualization.\u201d Populism<\/em> 2 (1): 79\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/25888072-02011021.<\/p>\n

Urbinati, Nadia. 2014. Democracy Disfigured: Opinion, Truth, and the People<\/em>. Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

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Cite this entry as:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Caiani<\/span>, Manuela. 2022. \u2018<\/span>Populism\/Populist Movements\u2019<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> In <\/span><\/span>Populism<\/span>s<\/span> and Em<\/span>otion<\/span>s<\/span><\/span> Glossary<\/span><\/span><\/em>, edited by C<\/span>ristiano <\/span>Gianolla<\/span> and <\/span>Ma\u00edra<\/span> Maga<\/span>lh\u00e3es<\/span> Lopes. <\/span><\/span>Available<\/span> at<\/span> https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/<\/span>en<\/span>\/<\/span>gloss\u00e1rio<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Manuela Caiani<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[48],"tags":[51],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPOPULISM\/POPULIST MOVEMENTS - UNPOP - UNpacking POPulism<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/en\/populism-populist-movements\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"POPULISM\/POPULIST MOVEMENTS - UNPOP - UNpacking POPulism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Manuela Caiani\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/en\/populism-populist-movements\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"UNPOP - UNpacking POPulism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-09-26T00:38:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-06T16:21:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admmkit\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/populism-populist-movements\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/populism-populist-movements\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admmkit\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/#\/schema\/person\/70c2d0fbc3e01b33cc217fddab8c9fc1\"},\"headline\":\"POPULISM\/POPULIST MOVEMENTS\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-09-26T00:38:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-06T16:21:29+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/populism-populist-movements\/\"},\"wordCount\":1504,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Letra P\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Gloss\u00e1rio\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/populism-populist-movements\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/populism-populist-movements\/\",\"name\":\"POPULISM\/POPULIST MOVEMENTS - 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