{"id":1005694,"date":"2022-09-26T09:02:27","date_gmt":"2022-09-26T09:02:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/?p=1005694"},"modified":"2024-11-06T16:12:18","modified_gmt":"2024-11-06T16:12:18","slug":"extreme-right","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/en\/extreme-right\/","title":{"rendered":"EXTREME RIGHT"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By Manuela Caiani<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div> \n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t

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Even though the term \u2018extreme right\u2019 is widely used among scholars, there is lack of a clear definition. Mudde has found 26 different ways of defining the extreme right in the literature. Some scholars define right-wing extremism using two criteria: anti-constitutionalism and anti-democratic values (this is the reason why is called extremist), and a rejection of the principle of fundamental human equality (this is the reason why it is called right-wing). Others prefer the label \u2018radical right\u2019 in order to describe those political parties and non-party organizations that are located towards one pole on the standard ideological left\u2013 right scale. Different labels such as \u2018far right\u2019 (Ellinas, 2007), \u2018extreme right\u2019 (Caiani et al., <\/em>2012; Arzheimer, 2012) and \u2018populist radical right\u2019 (Mudde, 2007) are used interchangeably by scholars to refer to the same organizations.<\/p>\n

Despite the still-open debate on conceptual definition and terminology, this party family is defined in the literature by certain common ideological attributes, such as nationalism, exclusionism, xenophobia, the quest for a strong state, welfare chauvinism, revisionism and traditional ethics, and is usually associated, empirically, with various political parties in Europe, such as the Austrian Freiheitliche Partei \u00d6sterreichs, the French Front national, the Belgian Vlaams Belang, and the German NPD.<\/p>\n

Recently, scholars have tended to define the (new) extreme right, pointing to a shift at stake from \u2018old\u2019 fascism to \u2018new populism\u2019 in its core ideology and identity. The \u2018old\u2019 extreme right, referring to fascism, has been identified with ultranationalism, the myth of decadence, the myth of rebirth (anti-democracy) and conspiracy theories. Today, populism is considered as one of the four main traits that characterize the common ideological core of the new extreme right. This interpretation is however controversial according to other commentators who see in it the risk of an \u201cunintended form of \u2018democratic legitimisation\u2019 of modern xenophobia and neo-fascism\u201d (e.g., Mammone, 2009).<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Related References<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

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Arzheimer, Kai. 2009. \u201cContextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe, 1980\u20132002.\u201d American Journal of Political Science<\/em> 53 (2): 259\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2009.00369.x.<\/p>\n

Caiani, Manuela, and Donatella della Porta. 2011. \u201cThe Elitist Populism of the Extreme Right: A Frame Analysis of Extreme Right-Wing Discourses in Italy and Germany.\u201d Acta Politica<\/em> 46 (2): 180\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/ap.2010.28.<\/p>\n

Caiani, Manuela, Donatella della Porta, and Claudius Wagemann, eds. 2012. Mobilizing on the Extreme Right: Germany, Italy, and the United States.<\/em> Oxford University Press. https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/mobilizing-on-the-extreme-right-9780199641260?cc=us&lang=en&#.<\/p>\n

Carter, Elisabeth. 2011. The Radical Right in Western Europe: Success or Failure?<\/em> Manchester: Manchester University Press.<\/p>\n

Eatwell, Roger. 2003. \u201cTen Theories of the Extreme Right.\u201d In Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century<\/em>, 45\u201370. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n

Ellinas, Antonis A. 2010. The Media and the Far Right in Western Europe: Playing the Nationalist Card<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Kriesi, Hanspeter, and Takis Pappas, eds. 2015. European Populism in the Shadow of the Great Recession<\/em>. Colchester: ECPR Press.<\/p>\n

Mammone, Andrea. 2009. \u201cThe Eternal Return? Faux Populism and Contemporarization of Neo-Fascism across Britain, France and Italy.\u201d Journal of Contemporary European Studies<\/em> 17 (2): 171\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14782800903108635.<\/p>\n

Mudde, Cas. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Norris, Pippa. 2005. Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

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Cite this entry as:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Caiani<\/span>, Manuela. 2022. \u2018<\/span>Extreme Right\u2019<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> In <\/span><\/span>Populism<\/span>s<\/span> and Em<\/span>otion<\/span>s<\/span><\/span> Glossary<\/span><\/span><\/em>, edited by C<\/span>ristiano <\/span>Gianolla<\/span> and <\/span>Ma\u00edra<\/span> Maga<\/span>lh\u00e3es<\/span> Lopes. <\/span><\/span>Available<\/span> at<\/span> https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/<\/span>en<\/span>\/<\/span>gloss\u00e1rio<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Manuela Caiani<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[48],"tags":[56],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEXTREME RIGHT - UNPOP - UNpacking POPulism<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/en\/extreme-right\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"EXTREME RIGHT - UNPOP - UNpacking POPulism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Manuela Caiani\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/en\/extreme-right\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"UNPOP - UNpacking POPulism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-09-26T09:02:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-06T16:12:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admmkit\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/extreme-right\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/extreme-right\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admmkit\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/#\/schema\/person\/70c2d0fbc3e01b33cc217fddab8c9fc1\"},\"headline\":\"EXTREME RIGHT\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-09-26T09:02:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-06T16:12:18+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/extreme-right\/\"},\"wordCount\":941,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Letra E\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Gloss\u00e1rio\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/extreme-right\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/extreme-right\/\",\"name\":\"EXTREME RIGHT - 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