{"id":1008606,"date":"2025-03-25T11:13:40","date_gmt":"2025-03-25T11:13:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/?p=1008606"},"modified":"2025-03-25T11:16:02","modified_gmt":"2025-03-25T11:16:02","slug":"attitudes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/en\/attitudes\/","title":{"rendered":"ATTITUDES"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By Sofia <\/span>Morgado<\/span> Pereira<\/span><\/span> & Lisete M\u00f3nico<\/span>
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Attitude is the \u201cpsychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor\u201d (Eagly & Chainken, 1993, p. 1). It is difficult for humans to remain indifferent to relevant issues, people, behaviors, events, and other components of social life. We can make evaluative judgments for almost everything. An abstract concept (e.g., justice), a concrete object (e.g., a painting), a behavior (e.g., playing football) or a class of behaviors (e.g., playing sports), specific entities or people (e.g., the prime minister of my country), or general entities (e.g., politicians). These evaluative judgments, which humans use to make sense of the world, are referred to as attitudes.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Attitudes are pervasive and can be defined as feelings towards an object, an association between an object and its summary evaluation in the memory, or a psychological tendency entailing an enduring evaluative judgment of an object. This evaluation can be positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable (like or dislike), more or less conscious, and it is relatively stable over time. Nevertheless, attitudes are learned through direct experience and social interaction (e.g., classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social or observational learning); thus, they can be altered, for example, through persuasion. Attitudes vary in direction (favorable or unfavorable), intensity (extreme or mild positions), and accessibility (degree of automaticity with which they are activated).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Given that attitudes are psychological entities, they are inferred from the observation of behaviors (verbal or non-verbal), the justifications given for a certain behavior, and expressed emotions. They can assume the form of cognitions (thoughts, opinions, and beliefs), emotions and feelings (e.g., fear, love), and behaviors or behavioral intentions (e.g., intention to vote in the next election). An attitude can be expressed through only one of these forms or by two or more forms. The relationship between these forms of expression of attitudes is synergetic; that is, when present, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors tend to be congruent regarding their direction on the spectrum of favorable\/unfavorable.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Attitudes influence and are influenced by our behavior. Positive attitudes predispose behaviour that supports or reinforces the object of the attitude, while negative attitudes predispose behaviour that is unfavourable towards the object of the attitude. Moreover, the expression of attitudes can be shaped by values, beliefs, personality dispositions, self-awareness, social context, individuals\u2019 perceptions of the attitudes held by others in their social networks, and identification with social groups.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Attitudes in which the object has political implications (e.g., attitudes regarding taxes) or is a social group (e.g., migrants) are designated political and social attitudes; for example, prejudice is a social attitude.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Related References<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

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Ajzen, Icek, and Martin Fishbein, \u201cAttitude-Behavior Relations: A Theoretical Analysis and Review of Empirical Research.\u201d <\/span>Psychological Bulletin<\/span><\/i> 84, no. 5 (1977): 888\u2013918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.84.5.888.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

American Psychological Association. “Attitude.” Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved December 5, 2024, from<\/span> https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/attitude<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Baron, Robert A., and Nyla R. Branscombe. <\/span>Social Psychology<\/span><\/i>. 13th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2012.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bohner, Gerd, and Norbert Schwarz. \u201cAttitudes, Persuasion, and Behavior.\u201d In <\/span>Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intraindividual Processes<\/span><\/i>, edited by Abraham Tesser and Norbert Schwarz, 413\u2013435. Oxford: Blackwell Pusblishing, 2001.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Eagly, Alice Hendrickson, and Shelly Chaiken. <\/span>The Psychology of Attitudes<\/span><\/i>. 4th ed. Fort Worth, TX : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1993.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Fazio, Russell, H. \u201cMultiple Processes by which Attitudes Guide Behaviour: The MODE Model as an Integrative Framework.\u201d In <\/span>Advances in Experimental Social Psychology<\/span><\/i>, vol. 23, edited by Mark P. Zanna, 75\u2013109. New York: Academic Press, 1990.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Fazio, Russell, H. \u201cAttitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility\u201d. In <\/span>Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences, <\/span><\/i>edited by<\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/i>Richard, E. Petty and Jon A. Krosnick, 247\u2013282. <\/span>New York: <\/span>Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1995.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Fishbein, Martin, and Icek Ajzen. <\/span>Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research<\/span><\/i>. Reading, MA: <\/span>Addison-Wesley Publishing Company<\/span>, 1975.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Lima, Maria Lu\u00edsa, & Isabel Correia.<\/span> \u201cAtitudes: Medida, Estrutura e Fun\u00e7\u00f5es.\u201d In <\/span>Psicologia Social<\/span><\/i>, 10th ed., edited by Jorge Vala and Maria Benedicta Monteiro, 201\u2013243. Lisbon: Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Goulbenkian, 2017.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Neto, F\u00e9lix.<\/span> Psicologia Social<\/span><\/i>, vol. 1. Lisbon: Universidade Aberta, 1998.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hogg, Michael A., and Graham M. Vaughan. <\/span>Social Psychology<\/span><\/i>. 8th ed. New York: Pearson, 2018.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Fazio, Russell H., and Michael A. Olson. \u201cAttitudes: Foundations, Functions, and Consequences.\u201d In <\/span>The SAGE Handbook of Social Psychology: Concise Student Edition<\/span><\/i>, edited by Michael A. Hogg, and Joel Cooper, 123\u2013145. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.<\/span>, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781848608221<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Manstead, A. Attitude change. In A. S. Manstead, and M. Hewstone (Eds.), <\/span>The Blackwell encyclopedia of social psychology <\/span><\/i>(pp. 35-42). Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Myers, David G., and Jean M. Twenge. <\/span>Social Psychology<\/span><\/i>. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2016.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Olson, James M., and Gregory R. Maio. \u201cAttitudes in Social Behavior.\u201d In <\/span>Handbook of Psychology<\/span><\/i>, edited by Irving B. Weiner, Theodore Millon, and Melvin J. Lerner, 299\u2013326. <\/span>New Jersey: <\/span>John Wiley & Sons, Inc., <\/span>2<\/span>003.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Thurstone, Louis L. 1928. \u201cAttitudes Can Be Measured.\u201d <\/span>American Journal of Sociology<\/span><\/i> 33, no. 5 (1928): 529\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/214483.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

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Cite this entry as:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Pereira, M. Sofia & <\/span>Lisete M\u00f3nico. 2025. \u2019Attitudes<\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> In <\/span><\/span>Populism<\/span>s<\/span> and Em<\/span>otion<\/span>s<\/span><\/span> Glossary<\/span><\/span><\/em>, edited by Cristiano Gianolla, Lisete M\u00f3nico, Maira Magalh\u00e3es Lopes and Maria Elena Indelicato<\/span>. <\/span><\/span>Available<\/span> at<\/span> https:\/\/unpop.ces.uc.pt\/<\/span>en<\/span>\/<\/span>gloss\u00e1rio<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sofia Morgado Pereira & Lisete M\u00f3nico<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[48],"tags":[52],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nATTITUDES - UNPOP - UNpacking POPulism<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Attitude is the \u201cpsychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor\u201d. 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